目錄
description bug_report

Dart 速查表 codelab

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Dart 語言旨在讓從其他程式語言轉來的開發者們能夠輕鬆學習，但也有它的獨特之處。本篇將基於谷歌工程師編寫的 Dart 語言速查表 為你介紹一些最重要的語言特性。

在這篇 codelab 中的嵌入式編輯器已經完成了部分程式碼片段。你可以在這些編輯器上將程式碼補充完整，然後點選 Run (執行) 按鈕進行測試。如果你需要幫助，請點選 Hint (提示) 按鈕。要執行程式碼格式化 (dart format)，點選 Format (格式化) 按鈕，Reset (重置) 按鈕將會清除你的操作，並把編輯器恢復到初始狀態。

字串插值

為了將表示式的值放在字串中，請使用 ${expression}。若表示式為單個識別符號，則可以省略 {}。

下面是一些使用字串插值的例子：

字串   結果
'${3 + 2}'   '5'
'${"word".toUpperCase()}'   'WORD'
'$myObject'   myObject.toString() 的值

Code example

程式碼範例

下面的方法接收兩個整型變數作為引數，然後讓它返回一個包含以空格分隔的整數的字串。例如，stringify(2, 3) 應該返回 '2 3'。

{$ begin main.dart $}
String stringify(int x, int y) {
  TODO('Return a formatted string here');
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
String stringify(int x, int y) {
  return '$x $y';
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}

void main() {
  try {
    final str = stringify(2, 3); 

    if (str == '2 3') {
      _result(true);
    } else if (str == '23') {
      _result(false, ['Test failed. It looks like you forgot the space!']);
    } else {
      _result(false, ['That\'s not quite right. Keep trying!']);
    }
  } on UnimplementedError {
    _result(false, ['Test failed. Did you implement the method?']);
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Tried calling stringify(2, 3), but received an exception: ${e.runtimeType}']);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
Both x and y are simple values,
and Dart's string interpolation will handle
converting them to string representations.
All you need to do is use the $ operator to
reference them inside single quotes, with a space in between.
{$ end hint.txt $}

可空的變數

Dart 要求使用健全的空安全，這意味著除非變數顯式宣告為可空型別，否則它們將不能為空。換句話說，型別預設是不可為空的。

舉個例子，下面的程式碼在空安全下是有錯誤的，因為 int 型別的變數不能為 null：

int a = null; // INVALID.

你可以透過在型別後新增 ? 來表示該型別可空：

int? a = null; // Valid.

在所有 Dart 版本中，null 在未初始化的變數裡都是預設值，所以你可以這樣簡化你的程式碼：

int? a; // The initial value of a is null.

想了解更多有關 Dart 的空安全的內容，請閱讀 健全的空安全。

Code example

程式碼範例

試著定義以下兩種變數：

  • 一個可空的 String，名為 name，值為 'Jane'。

  • 一個可空的 String，名為 address，值為 null。

可以忽略以下程式碼一開始在 DartPad 中的錯誤。

{$ begin main.dart $}
// Declare the two variables here
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
String? name = 'Jane';
String? address;
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}

void main() {
  try {
    if (name == 'Jane' && address == null) {
      // verify that "name" is nullable
      name = null;
      _result(true);
    } else {
      _result(false, ['That\'s not quite right. Keep trying!']);
    }
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Tried calling stringify(2, 3), but received an exception: ${e.runtimeType}']);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
Declare the two variables as "String" followed by "?".
Then, assign "Jane" to "name"
and leave "address" uninitialized.
{$ end hint.txt $}

避空運算子

Dart 提供了一系列方便的運算子用於處理可能會為空值的變數。其中一個是 ??= 賦值運算子，僅當該變數為空值時才為其賦值：

int? a; // = null
a ??= 3;
print(a); // <-- Prints 3.

a ??= 5;
print(a); // <-- Still prints 3.

另外一個避空運算子是 ??，如果該運算子左邊的表示式返回的是空值，則會計算並返回右邊的表示式。

print(1 ?? 3); // <-- Prints 1.
print(null ?? 12); // <-- Prints 12.

Code example

程式碼範例

嘗試在下面的程式碼片段中交替使用 ??= 和 ?? 運運算元，實現期望的需求。

可以忽略以下程式碼一開始在 DartPad 中的錯誤。

{$ begin main.dart $}
String? foo = 'a string';
String? bar; // = null

// Substitute an operator that makes 'a string' be assigned to baz.
String? baz = foo /* TODO */ bar;

void updateSomeVars() {
  // Substitute an operator that makes 'a string' be assigned to bar.
  bar /* TODO */ 'a string';
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
String? foo = 'a string';
String? bar; // = null

// Substitute an operator that makes 'a string' be assigned to baz.
String? baz = foo ?? bar;

void updateSomeVars() {
  // Substitute an operator that makes 'a string' be assigned to bar.
  bar ??= 'a string';
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
void main() {
  final errs = <String>[];
  
  try {
    updateSomeVars();
    
    if (foo != 'a string') {
      errs.add('Looks like foo somehow ended up with the wrong value.');
    } else if (bar != 'a string') {
      errs.add('Looks like bar ended up with the wrong value.');
    } else if (baz != 'a string') {
      errs.add('Looks like baz ended up with the wrong value.');
    }
  } catch (e) {
    errs.add('Tried calling updateSomeVars and received an exception: ${e.runtimeType}.');
  }
  
  if (errs.isEmpty) {
   _result(true);
  } else {
    _result(false, errs);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
All you need to do in this exercise is
replace the TODO comments with either ?? or ??=.
Read the codelab text to make sure you understand both,
and then give it a try.
{$ end hint.txt $}

條件屬性存取

要保護可能會為空的屬性的正常存取，請在點（.）之前加一個問號（?）。

myObject?.someProperty

上述程式碼等效於以下內容：

(myObject != null) ? myObject.someProperty : null

你可以在一個表示式中連續使用多個 ?.：

myObject?.someProperty?.someMethod()

如果 myObject 或 myObject.someProperty 為空，則前面的程式碼返回 null（並不再呼叫 someMethod）。

Code example

程式碼範例

嘗試使用條件屬性存取來完成下面的程式碼片段。

{$ begin main.dart $}
// This method should return the uppercase version of `str`
// or null if `str` is null.
String? upperCaseIt(String? str) {
  // Try conditionally accessing the `toUpperCase` method here.
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
// This method should return the uppercase version of `str`
// or null if `str` is null.
String? upperCaseIt(String? str) {
  return str?.toUpperCase();
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
void main() {
  final errs = <String>[];
  
  try {
    String? one = upperCaseIt(null);

    if (one != null) {
      errs.add('Looks like you\'re not returning null for null inputs.');
    }
  } catch (e) {
    errs.add('Tried calling upperCaseIt(null) and got an exception: ${e.runtimeType}.');
  }
  
  try {
    String? two = upperCaseIt('asdf');

    if (two == null) {
      errs.add('Looks like you\'re returning null even when str has a value.');
    } else if (two != 'ASDF') {
      errs.add('Tried upperCaseIt(\'asdf\'), but didn\'t get \'ASDF\' in response.');
    }
  } catch (e) {
    errs.add('Tried calling upperCaseIt(\'asdf\') and got an exception: ${e.runtimeType}.');
  }
  
  if (errs.isEmpty) {
   _result(true);
  } else {
   _result(false, errs);
  }  
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
If this exercise wanted you to conditionally lowercase a string,
you could do it like this: str?.toLowerCase()
{$ end hint.txt $}

集合字面量 (Collection literals)

Dart 內建了對 list、map 以及 set 的支援。你可以透過字面量直接建立它們：

final aListOfStrings = ['one', 'two', 'three'];
final aSetOfStrings = {'one', 'two', 'three'};
final aMapOfStringsToInts = {
  'one': 1,
  'two': 2,
  'three': 3,
};

Dart 的型別推斷可以自動幫你分配這些變數的型別。在這個例子中，推斷型別是 List<String>、Set<String>和 Map<String, int>。

你也可以手動指定型別：

final aListOfInts = <int>[];
final aSetOfInts = <int>{};
final aMapOfIntToDouble = <int, double>{};

在使用子類別型的內容初始化列表，但仍希望列表為 List <BaseType> 時，指定其型別很方便：

final aListOfBaseType = <BaseType>[SubType(), SubType()];

Code example

程式碼範例

嘗試將以下變數設定為指定的值。替換當前的 null 值。

{$ begin main.dart $}
// Assign this a list containing 'a', 'b', and 'c' in that order:
final aListOfStrings = null;

// Assign this a set containing 3, 4, and 5:
final aSetOfInts = null;

// Assign this a map of String to int so that aMapOfStringsToInts['myKey'] returns 12:
final aMapOfStringsToInts = null;

// Assign this an empty List<double>:
final anEmptyListOfDouble = null;

// Assign this an empty Set<String>:
final anEmptySetOfString = null;

// Assign this an empty Map of double to int:
final anEmptyMapOfDoublesToInts = null;
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
// Assign this a list containing 'a', 'b', and 'c' in that order:
final aListOfStrings = ['a', 'b', 'c'];

// Assign this a set containing 3, 4, and 5:
final aSetOfInts = {3, 4, 5};

// Assign this a map of String to int so that aMapOfStringsToInts['myKey'] returns 12:
final aMapOfStringsToInts = {'myKey': 12};

// Assign this an empty List<double>:
final anEmptyListOfDouble = <double>[];

// Assign this an empty Set<String>:
final anEmptySetOfString = <String>{};

// Assign this an empty Map of double to int:
final anEmptyMapOfDoublesToInts = <double, int>{};
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
void main() {
  final errs = <String>[];
  
  if (aListOfStrings is! List<String>) {
    errs.add('aListOfStrings should have the type List<String>.');
  } else if (aListOfStrings.length != 3) {
    errs.add('aListOfStrings has ${aListOfStrings.length} items in it, rather than the expected 3.');
  } else if (aListOfStrings[0] != 'a' || aListOfStrings[1] != 'b' || aListOfStrings[2] != 'c') {
    errs.add('aListOfStrings doesn\'t contain the correct values (\'a\', \'b\', \'c\').');
  }

  if (aSetOfInts is! Set<int>) {
    errs.add('aSetOfInts should have the type Set<int>.');
  } else if (aSetOfInts.length != 3) {
    errs.add('aSetOfInts has ${aSetOfInts.length} items in it, rather than the expected 3.');
  } else if (!aSetOfInts.contains(3) || !aSetOfInts.contains(4) || !aSetOfInts.contains(5)) {
    errs.add('aSetOfInts doesn\'t contain the correct values (3, 4, 5).');
  }

  if (aMapOfStringsToInts is! Map<String, int>) {
    errs.add('aMapOfStringsToInts should have the type Map<String, int>.');
  } else if (aMapOfStringsToInts['myKey'] != 12) {
    errs.add('aMapOfStringsToInts doesn\'t contain the correct values (\'myKey\': 12).');
  }

  if (anEmptyListOfDouble is! List<double>) {
    errs.add('anEmptyListOfDouble should have the type List<double>.');
  } else if (anEmptyListOfDouble.isNotEmpty) {
    errs.add('anEmptyListOfDouble should be empty.');
  }

  if (anEmptySetOfString is! Set<String>) {
    errs.add('anEmptySetOfString should have the type Set<String>.');
  } else if (anEmptySetOfString.isNotEmpty) {
    errs.add('anEmptySetOfString should be empty.');
  }

  if (anEmptyMapOfDoublesToInts is! Map<double, int>) {
    errs.add('anEmptyMapOfDoublesToInts should have the type Map<double, int>.');
  } else if (anEmptyMapOfDoublesToInts.isNotEmpty) {
    errs.add('anEmptyMapOfDoublesToInts should be empty.');
  }

  if (errs.isEmpty) {
    _result(true);
  } else {
    _result(false, errs);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
This exercise is fairly straightforward.
Just add a list, set, or map literal after each equals sign.
See the codelab text for the correct syntax to use.
{$ end hint.txt $}

箭頭語法

你也許已經在 Dart 程式碼中見到過 => 符號。這種箭頭語法是一種定義函式的方法，該函式將在其右側執行表示式並返回其值。

例如，考慮呼叫這個 List 類中的 any 方法：

bool hasEmpty = aListOfStrings.any((s) {
  return s.isEmpty;
});

這裡是一個更簡單的程式碼實現：

bool hasEmpty = aListOfStrings.any((s) => s.isEmpty);

Code example

程式碼範例

嘗試使用箭頭語法完成下面陳述式：

{$ begin main.dart $}
class MyClass {
  int value1 = 2;
  int value2 = 3;
  int value3 = 5;
  
  // Returns the product of the above values:
  int get product => TODO();
  
  // Adds 1 to value1:
  void incrementValue1() => TODO();
  
  // Returns a string containing each item in the
  // list, separated by commas (e.g. 'a,b,c'): 
  String joinWithCommas(List<String> strings) => TODO();
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
class MyClass {
  int value1 = 2;
  int value2 = 3;
  int value3 = 5;

  // Returns the product of the above values:
  int get product => value1 * value2 * value3;
  
  // Adds 1 to value1:
  void incrementValue1() => value1++; 
  
  // Returns a string containing each item in the
  // list, separated by commas (e.g. 'a,b,c'): 
  String joinWithCommas(List<String> strings) => strings.join(',');
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
void main() {
  final obj = MyClass();
  final errs = <String>[];
  
  try {
    final product = obj.product;
    
    if (product != 30) {
      errs.add('The product property returned $product instead of the expected value (30).'); 
    } 
  } on UnimplementedError {
    _result(false, ['Tried to use MyClass.product but failed. Did you implement the method?']);
    return;
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Tried to use MyClass.product, but encountered an exception: ${e.runtimeType}.']);
    return;
  }

  try {
    obj.incrementValue1();
    
    if (obj.value1 != 3) {
      errs.add('After calling incrementValue, value1 was ${obj.value1} instead of the expected value (3).'); 
    } 
  } on UnimplementedError {
    _result(false, ['Tried to use MyClass.incrementValue1 but failed. Did you implement the method?']);
    return;
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Tried to use MyClass.incrementValue1, but encountered an exception: ${e.runtimeType}.']);
    return;
  }

  try {
    final joined = obj.joinWithCommas(['one', 'two', 'three']);
    
    if (joined != 'one,two,three') {
      errs.add('Tried calling joinWithCommas([\'one\', \'two\', \'three\']) and received $joined instead of the expected value (\'one,two,three\').'); 
    } 
  } on UnimplementedError {
    _result(false, ['Tried to use MyClass.joinWithCommas but failed. Did you implement the method?']);
    return;
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Tried to use MyClass.joinWithCommas, but encountered an exception: ${e.runtimeType}.']);
    return;
  }

  if (errs.isEmpty) {
    _result(true);
  } else {
    _result(false, errs);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
For the product, you can just multiply the three values together.
For incrementValue1, you can use the increment operator (++).
For joinWithCommas, try using the join method found in the List class.
{$ end hint.txt $}

級聯

要對同一物件執行一系列操作，請使用級聯（..）。我們都看到過這樣的表示式：

myObject.someMethod()

它在 myObject 上呼叫 someMethod 方法，而表示式的結果是 someMethod 的返回值。

下面是一個使用級連語法的相同表示式：

myObject..someMethod()

Although it still invokes someMethod() on myObject, the result of the expression isn’t the return value—it’s a reference to myObject!

雖然它仍然在 myObject 上呼叫了 someMethod，但表示式的結果卻不是該方法返回值，而是是 myObject 物件的參考！使用級聯，你可以將需要單獨操作的陳述式連結在一起。例如，下方的程式碼使用了空判斷呼叫符 (?.) 在 button 不為 null 時獲取屬性：

var button = querySelector('#confirm');
button?.text = 'Confirm';
button?.classes.add('important');
button?.onClick.listen((e) => window.alert('Confirmed!'));
button?.scrollIntoView();

現在你可以在第一個級聯位置，使用 空判斷 級聯運運算元 (?..)，它可以確保級聯操作均在例項不為 null 時執行。使用空判斷級聯後，你也不再需要 button 變量了：

querySelector('#confirm')
  ?..text = 'Confirm'
  ..classes.add('important')
  ..onClick.listen((e) => window.alert('Confirmed!'))
  ..scrollIntoView();

Code example

程式碼範例

使用級聯建立一個陳述式，分別將 BigObject 的 anInt 屬性設為 1、aString 屬性設為 String!、aList 屬性設定為 [3.0] 然後呼叫 allDone()。

{$ begin main.dart $}
class BigObject {
  int anInt = 0;
  String aString = '';
  List<double> aList = [];
  bool _done = false;
  
  void allDone() {
    _done = true;
  }
}

BigObject fillBigObject(BigObject obj) {
  // Create a single statement that will update and return obj:
  return TODO('obj..');
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
class BigObject {
  int anInt = 0;
  String aString = '';
  List<double> aList = [];
  bool _done = false;
  
  void allDone() {
    _done = true;
  }
}

BigObject fillBigObject(BigObject obj) {
  return obj
    ..anInt = 1
    ..aString = 'String!'
    ..aList.add(3)
    ..allDone();
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
void main() {
  BigObject obj;

  try {
    obj = fillBigObject(BigObject());
  } on UnimplementedError {
    _result(false, ['Tried to call fillBigObject but failed. Did you implement the method?']);
    return;
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, [
      'Caught an exception of type ${e.runtimeType} while running fillBigObject'
    ]);
    return;
  }

  final errs = <String>[];

  if (obj.anInt != 1) {
    errs.add(
        'The value of anInt was ${obj.anInt} rather than the expected (1).');
  }

  if (obj.aString != 'String!') {
    errs.add(
        'The value of aString was \'${obj.aString}\' rather than the expected (\'String!\').');
  }

  if (obj.aList.length != 1) {
    errs.add(
        'The length of aList was ${obj.aList.length} rather than the expected value (1).');
  } else {
    if (obj.aList[0] != 3.0) {
      errs.add(
          'The value found in aList was ${obj.aList[0]} rather than the expected (3.0).');
    }
  }
  
  if (!obj._done) {
    errs.add('It looks like allDone() wasn\'t called.');
  }

  if (errs.isEmpty) {
    _result(true);
  } else {
    _result(false, errs);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
The best solution for this exercise starts with obj.. and
has four assignment operations chained together.
Try starting with `return obj..anInt = 1`,
then add another cascade (..) and start the next assignment.
{$ end hint.txt $}

Getters and setters

任何需要對屬性進行更多控制而不是允許簡單欄位存取的時候，你都可以自訂 getter 和 setter。

例如，你可以用來確保屬性值合法：

class MyClass {
  int _aProperty = 0;

  int get aProperty => _aProperty;

  set aProperty(int value) {
    if (value >= 0) {
      _aProperty = value;
    }
  }
}

你還可以使用 getter 來定義計算屬性：

class MyClass {
  final List<int> _values = [];

  void addValue(int value) {
    _values.add(value);
  }

  // A computed property.
  int get count {
    return _values.length;
  }
}

Code example

程式碼範例

想象你有一個購物車類，其中有一個私有的 List<double> 型別的 prices 屬性。新增以下內容：

  • 一個名為 total 的 getter，用於返回總價格。

  • 只要新列表不包含任何負價格， setter 就會用新的列表替換列表（在這種情況下，setter 應該丟擲 InvalidPriceException）。

可以忽略以下程式碼一開始在 DartPad 中的錯誤。

{$ begin main.dart $}
class InvalidPriceException {}

class ShoppingCart {
  List<double> _prices = [];
  
  // Add a "total" getter here:

  // Add a "prices" setter here:
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
class InvalidPriceException {}

class ShoppingCart {
  List<double> _prices = [];
  
  double get total => _prices.fold(0, (e, t) => e + t);
  
  set prices(List<double> value) {
    if (value.any((p) => p < 0)) {
      throw InvalidPriceException();
    }
    
    _prices = value;
  }
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
void main() {
  var foundException = false;
  
  try {
    final cart = ShoppingCart();
    cart.prices = [12.0, 12.0, -23.0];
  } on InvalidPriceException {
    foundException = true;
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Tried setting a negative price and received a ${e.runtimeType} instead of an InvalidPriceException.']);
    return;
  }
  
  if (!foundException) {
    _result(false, ['Tried setting a negative price and didn\'t get an InvalidPriceException.']);
    return;
  }
  
  final secondCart = ShoppingCart();
  
  try {
    secondCart.prices = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0];
  } catch(e) {
    _result(false, ['Tried setting prices with a valid list, but received an exception: ${e.runtimeType}.']);
    return;
  }
  
  if (secondCart._prices.length != 3) {
    _result(false, ['Tried setting prices with a list of three values, but _prices ended up having length ${secondCart._prices.length}.']);
    return;
  }

  if (secondCart._prices[0] != 1.0 || secondCart._prices[1] != 2.0 || secondCart._prices[2] != 3.0) {
    final vals = secondCart._prices.map((p) => p.toString()).join(', ');
    _result(false, ['Tried setting prices with a list of three values (1, 2, 3), but incorrect ones ended up in the price list ($vals) .']);
    return;
  }
  
  var sum = 0.0;
  
  try {
    sum = secondCart.total;
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Tried to get total, but received an exception: ${e.runtimeType}.']);
    return;
  }
  
  if (sum != 6.0) {
    _result(false, ['After setting prices to (1, 2, 3), total returned $sum instead of 6.']);
    return;
  }
  
  _result(true);
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
Two functions are handy for this exercise. 
One is `fold`, which can reduce a list to a single value
(try it to calculate the total).
The other is `any`, which can check each item in a list
with a function you give it
(try using it to check if there are any negative prices in the prices setter).
{$ end hint.txt $}

可選位置引數

Dart 有兩種傳參方法：位置引數和命名引數。位置引數你可能會比較熟悉：

int sumUp(int a, int b, int c) {
  return a + b + c;
}
// ···
  int total = sumUp(1, 2, 3);

在 Dart 裡，你可以將這些引數包裹在方括號中，使其變成可選位置引數：

int sumUpToFive(int a, [int? b, int? c, int? d, int? e]) {
  int sum = a;
  if (b != null) sum += b;
  if (c != null) sum += c;
  if (d != null) sum += d;
  if (e != null) sum += e;
  return sum;
}
// ···
  int total = sumUpToFive(1, 2);
  int otherTotal = sumUpToFive(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

可選位置引數永遠放在方法引數列表的最後。除非你給它們提供一個預設值，否則預設為 null:

int sumUpToFive(int a, [int b = 2, int c = 3, int d = 4, int e = 5]) {
// ···
}
// ···
  int newTotal = sumUpToFive(1);
  print(newTotal); // <-- prints 15

Code example

程式碼範例

實現一個名為 joinWithCommas 的方法，它接收一至五個整數，然後返回由逗號分隔的包含這些數字的字串。以下是方法呼叫和返回值的一些範例：

方法呼叫   返回值
joinWithCommas(1)   '1'
joinWithCommas(1, 2, 3)   '1,2,3'
joinWithCommas(1, 1, 1, 1, 1)   '1,1,1,1,1' 


{$ begin main.dart $}
String joinWithCommas(int a, [int? b, int? c, int? d, int? e]) {
  return TODO();
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
String joinWithCommas(int a, [int? b, int? c, int? d, int? e]) {
  var total = '$a';
  if (b != null) total = '$total,$b';
  if (c != null) total = '$total,$c';
  if (d != null) total = '$total,$d';
  if (e != null) total = '$total,$e';
  return total;
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
void main() {
  final errs = <String>[];
  
  try {
    final value = joinWithCommas(1);
    
    if (value != '1') {
      errs.add('Tried calling joinWithCommas(1) and got $value instead of the expected (\'1\').'); 
    } 
  } on UnimplementedError {
    _result(false, ['Tried to call joinWithCommas but failed. Did you implement the method?']);
    return;
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Tried calling joinWithCommas(1), but encountered an exception: ${e.runtimeType}.']);
    return;
  }

  try {
    final value = joinWithCommas(1, 2, 3);
    
    if (value != '1,2,3') {
      errs.add('Tried calling joinWithCommas(1, 2, 3) and got $value instead of the expected (\'1,2,3\').'); 
    } 
  } on UnimplementedError {
    _result(false, ['Tried to call joinWithCommas but failed. Did you implement the method?']);
    return;
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Tried calling joinWithCommas(1, 2 ,3), but encountered an exception: ${e.runtimeType}.']);
    return;
  }

  try {
    final value = joinWithCommas(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
    
    if (value != '1,2,3,4,5') {
      errs.add('Tried calling joinWithCommas(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) and got $value instead of the expected (\'1,2,3,4,5\').'); 
    } 
  } on UnimplementedError {
    _result(false, ['Tried to call joinWithCommas but failed. Did you implement the method?']);
    return;
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Tried calling stringify(1, 2, 3, 4 ,5), but encountered an exception: ${e.runtimeType}.']);
    return;
  }

  if (errs.isEmpty) {
    _result(true);
  } else {
    _result(false, errs);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
The b, c, d, and e parameters are null if they aren't provided by caller.
The important thing, then, is to check whether those arguments are null
before you add them to the final string.
{$ end hint.txt $}

命名引數

你可以在引數列表的靠後位置使用花括號 ({}) 來定義命名引數。

除非顯式使用 required 進行標記，否則命名引數預設是可選的。

void printName(String firstName, String lastName, {String? middleName}) {
  print('$firstName ${middleName ?? ''} $lastName');
}
// ···
  printName('Dash', 'Dartisan');
  printName('John', 'Smith', middleName: 'Who');
  // Named arguments can be placed anywhere in the argument list
  printName('John', middleName: 'Who', 'Smith');

正如你所料，這些引數預設為 null，但你也可以為其提供預設值。

如果一個引數的型別是非空的，那麼你必須要提供一個預設值（如下方程式碼所示），或者將其標記為 required（如 構造部分所示）。

void printName(String firstName, String lastName, {String middleName = ''}) {
  print('$firstName $middleName $lastName');
}

一個方法不能同時使用可選位置引數和可選命名引數。

Code example

程式碼範例

向 MyDataObject 類新增一個 copyWith() 例項方法，它應該包含三個可空的命名引數。

  • int? newInt
  • String? newString
  • double? newDouble

copyWith 方法應該根據當前例項返回一個新的 MyDataObject 並將前面引數（如果有的話）的資料複製到物件的屬性中。例如，如果 newInt 不為空，則將其值複製到 anInt 中。

可以忽略以下程式碼一開始在 DartPad 中的錯誤。

{$ begin main.dart $}
class MyDataObject {
  final int anInt;
  final String aString;
  final double aDouble;

  MyDataObject({
     this.anInt = 1,
     this.aString = 'Old!',
     this.aDouble = 2.0,
  });

  // Add your copyWith method here:
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
class MyDataObject {
  final int anInt;
  final String aString;
  final double aDouble;

  MyDataObject({
     this.anInt = 1,
     this.aString = 'Old!',
     this.aDouble = 2.0,
  });

  MyDataObject copyWith({int? newInt, String? newString, double? newDouble}) {
    return MyDataObject(
      anInt: newInt ?? this.anInt,
      aString: newString ?? this.aString,
      aDouble: newDouble ?? this.aDouble,
    );
  }
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
void main() {
  final source = MyDataObject();
  final errs = <String>[];
  
  try {
    final copy = source.copyWith(newInt: 12, newString: 'New!', newDouble: 3.0);
    
    if (copy.anInt != 12) {
      errs.add('Called copyWith(newInt: 12, newString: \'New!\', newDouble: 3.0), and the new object\'s anInt was ${copy.anInt} rather than the expected value (12).');
    }
    
    if (copy.aString != 'New!') {
      errs.add('Called copyWith(newInt: 12, newString: \'New!\', newDouble: 3.0), and the new object\'s aString was ${copy.aString} rather than the expected value (\'New!\').');
    }
    
    if (copy.aDouble != 3) {
      errs.add('Called copyWith(newInt: 12, newString: \'New!\', newDouble: 3.0), and the new object\'s aDouble was ${copy.aDouble} rather than the expected value (3).');
    }
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Called copyWith(newInt: 12, newString: \'New!\', newDouble: 3.0) and got an exception: ${e.runtimeType}']);
  }
  
  try {
    final copy = source.copyWith();
    
    if (copy.anInt != 1) {
      errs.add('Called copyWith(), and the new object\'s anInt was ${copy.anInt} rather than the expected value (1).');
    }
    
    if (copy.aString != 'Old!') {
      errs.add('Called copyWith(), and the new object\'s aString was ${copy.aString} rather than the expected value (\'Old!\').');
    }
    
    if (copy.aDouble != 2) {
      errs.add('Called copyWith(), and the new object\'s aDouble was ${copy.aDouble} rather than the expected value (2).');
    }
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Called copyWith() and got an exception: ${e.runtimeType}']);
  }
  
  if (errs.isEmpty) {
    _result(true);
  } else {
    _result(false, errs);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
The copyWith method shows up in a lot of classes and libraries.
Yours should do a few things:
use optional named parameters,
create a new instance of MyDataObject,
and use the data from the parameters to fill it
(or the data from the current instance if the parameters are null).
This is a chance to get more practice with the ?? operator!
{$ end hint.txt $}

例外

Dart 程式碼可以丟擲和捕獲例外。與 Java 相比，Dart 的所有例外都是 unchecked exception。方法不會宣告它們可能丟擲的例外，你也不需要捕獲任何例外。

雖然 Dart 提供了 Exception 和 Error 型別，但是你可以丟擲任何非空物件：

throw Exception('Something bad happened.');
throw 'Waaaaaaah!';

使用 try、on 以及 catch 關鍵字來處理例外：

try {
  breedMoreLlamas();
} on OutOfLlamasException {
  // A specific exception
  buyMoreLlamas();
} on Exception catch (e) {
  // Anything else that is an exception
  print('Unknown exception: $e');
} catch (e) {
  // No specified type, handles all
  print('Something really unknown: $e');
}

The try keyword works as it does in most other languages. Use the on keyword to filter for specific exceptions by type, and the catch keyword to get a reference to the exception object.

如果你無法完全處理該例外，請使用 rethrow 關鍵字再次丟擲例外：

try {
  breedMoreLlamas();
} catch (e) {
  print('I was just trying to breed llamas!');
  rethrow;
}

要執行一段無論是否丟擲例外都會執行的程式碼，請使用 finally：

try {
  breedMoreLlamas();
} catch (e) {
  // ... handle exception ...
} finally {
  // Always clean up, even if an exception is thrown.
  cleanLlamaStalls();
}

Code example

程式碼範例

在下面實現 tryFunction() 方法。它應該會執行一個不可靠的方法，然後做以下操作：

  • 如果 untrustworthy() 丟擲了 ExceptionWithMessage，則呼叫 logger.logException 並傳入使用例外型別和訊息（嘗試使用 on 和 catch）。

  • 如果 untrustworthy() 丟擲了一個 Exception，則呼叫 logger.logException 並傳入使用例外型別（這次請嘗試使用 on）。

  • 如果 untrustworthy() 丟擲了其他物件，請不要捕獲該例外。

  • 捕獲並處理完所有內容後，呼叫 logger.doneLogging（嘗試使用 finally）。

{$ begin main.dart $}
typedef VoidFunction = void Function();

class ExceptionWithMessage {
  final String message;
  const ExceptionWithMessage(this.message);
}

// Call logException to log an exception, and doneLogging when finished.
abstract class Logger {
  void logException(Type t, [String? msg]);
  void doneLogging();
}

void tryFunction(VoidFunction untrustworthy, Logger logger) {
  // Invoking this method might cause an exception. Catch and handle
  // them using try-on-catch-finally.
  untrustworthy();
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
typedef VoidFunction = void Function();

class ExceptionWithMessage {
  final String message;
  const ExceptionWithMessage(this.message);
}

abstract class Logger {
  void logException(Type t, [String? msg]);
  void doneLogging();
}

void tryFunction(VoidFunction untrustworthy, Logger logger) {
  try {
    untrustworthy();
  } on ExceptionWithMessage catch (e) {
    logger.logException(e.runtimeType, e.message);
  } on Exception {
    logger.logException(Exception);
  } finally {
    logger.doneLogging();
  }
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
class MyLogger extends Logger {
  Type? lastType;
  String lastMessage = '';
  bool done = false;
  
  void logException(Type t, [String? message]) {
    lastType = t;
    lastMessage = message ?? lastMessage;
  }
  
  void doneLogging() => done = true;  
}

void main() {
  final errs = <String>[];
  var logger = MyLogger();
  
  try {
    tryFunction(() => throw Exception(), logger);
  
    if ('${logger.lastType}' != 'Exception' && '${logger.lastType}' != '_Exception') {
      errs.add('Untrustworthy threw an Exception, but a different type was logged: ${logger.lastType}.');
    }
    
    if (logger.lastMessage != '') {
      errs.add('Untrustworthy threw an Exception with no message, but a message was logged anyway: \'${logger.lastMessage}\'.');
    }
    
    if (!logger.done) {
      errs.add('Untrustworthy threw an Exception, and doneLogging() wasn\'t called afterward.');
    }
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Untrustworthy threw an exception, and an exception of type ${e.runtimeType} was unhandled by tryFunction.']);
  }
  
  logger = MyLogger();
  
  try {
    tryFunction(() => throw ExceptionWithMessage('Hey!'), logger);
  
    if (logger.lastType != ExceptionWithMessage) {
      errs.add('Untrustworthy threw an ExceptionWithMessage(\'Hey!\'), but a different type was logged: ${logger.lastType}.');
    }
    
    if (logger.lastMessage != 'Hey!') {
      errs.add('Untrustworthy threw an ExceptionWithMessage(\'Hey!\'), but a different message was logged: \'${logger.lastMessage}\'.');
    }
    
    if (!logger.done) {
      errs.add('Untrustworthy threw an ExceptionWithMessage(\'Hey!\'), and doneLogging() wasn\'t called afterward.');
    }
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Untrustworthy threw an ExceptionWithMessage(\'Hey!\'), and an exception of type ${e.runtimeType} was unhandled by tryFunction.']);
  }
  
  logger = MyLogger();
  bool caughtStringException = false;

  try {
    tryFunction(() => throw 'A String', logger);
  } on String {
    caughtStringException = true;
  }

  if (!caughtStringException) {
    errs.add('Untrustworthy threw a string, and it was incorrectly handled inside tryFunction().');
  }
  
  logger = MyLogger();
  
  try {
    tryFunction(() {}, logger);
  
    if (logger.lastType != null) {
      errs.add('Untrustworthy didn\'t throw an Exception, but one was logged anyway: ${logger.lastType}.');
    }
    
    if (logger.lastMessage != '') {
      errs.add('Untrustworthy didn\'t throw an Exception with no message, but a message was logged anyway: \'${logger.lastMessage}\'.');
    }
    
    if (!logger.done) {
      errs.add('Untrustworthy didn\'t throw an Exception, but doneLogging() wasn\'t called afterward.');
    }
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Untrustworthy didn\'t throw an exception, but an exception of type ${e.runtimeType} was unhandled by tryFunction anyway.']);
  }
  
  if (errs.isEmpty) {
    _result(true);
  } else {
    _result(false, errs);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
This exercise looks tricky, but it's really one big `try` statement.
Just call `untrustworthy` inside the `try`, and
then use `on`, `catch`, and `finally` to catch exceptions and
call methods on the logger.
{$ end hint.txt $}

在構造方法中使用 this

Dart 提供了一個方便的快捷方式，用於為構造方法中的屬性賦值：在宣告構造方法時使用 this.propertyName。

class MyColor {
  int red;
  int green;
  int blue;

  MyColor(this.red, this.green, this.blue);
}

final color = MyColor(80, 80, 128);

此技巧同樣也適用於命名引數。屬性名為引數的名稱：

class MyColor {
  ...

  MyColor({required this.red, required this.green, required this.blue});
}

final color = MyColor(red: 80, green: 80, blue: 80);

在上面的程式碼中，red、green 和 blue 被標記為 required，因為這些 int 數值不能為空。如果你指定了預設值，你可以忽略 required。

對於可選引數，預設值為期望值：

MyColor([this.red = 0, this.green = 0, this.blue = 0]);
// or
MyColor({this.red = 0, this.green = 0, this.blue = 0});

Code example

程式碼範例

使用 this 語法向 MyClass 新增一行構造方法，並接收和分配全部（三個）屬性。

可以忽略以下程式碼一開始在 DartPad 中的錯誤。

{$ begin main.dart $}
class MyClass {
  final int anInt;
  final String aString;
  final double aDouble;
  
  // Create a constructor here.
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
class MyClass {
  final int anInt;
  final String aString;
  final double aDouble;
  
  MyClass(this.anInt, this.aString, this.aDouble);
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
void main() {
  final errs = <String>[];
  
  try {
    final obj = MyClass(1, 'two', 3);
    
    if (obj.anInt != 1) {
      errs.add('Called MyClass(1, \'two\', 3) and got an object with anInt of ${obj.anInt} instead of the expected value (1).');
    }

    if (obj.anInt != 1) {
      errs.add('Called MyClass(1, \'two\', 3) and got an object with aString of \'${obj.aString}\' instead of the expected value (\'two\').');
    }

    if (obj.anInt != 1) {
      errs.add('Called MyClass(1, \'two\', 3) and got an object with aDouble of ${obj.aDouble} instead of the expected value (3).');
    }
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Called MyClass(1, \'two\', 3) and got an exception of type ${e.runtimeType}.']);
  }
  
  if (errs.isEmpty) {
    _result(true);
  } else {
    _result(false, errs);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
This exercise has a one-line solution.
Just declare the constructor with
`this.anInt`, `this.aString`, and `this.aDouble`
as its parameters in that order.
{$ end hint.txt $}

Initializer lists

有時，當你在實現建構函式時，您需要在建構函式體執行之前進行一些初始化。例如，final 修飾的欄位必須在建構函式體執行之前賦值。在初始化列表中執行此操作，該列表位於建構函式的簽名與其函式體之間：

Point.fromJson(Map<String, double> json)
    : x = json['x']!,
      y = json['y']! {
  print('In Point.fromJson(): ($x, $y)');
}

初始化列表也是放置斷言的便利位置，它僅會在開發期間執行：

NonNegativePoint(this.x, this.y)
    : assert(x >= 0),
      assert(y >= 0) {
  print('I just made a NonNegativePoint: ($x, $y)');
}

Code example

程式碼範例

完成下面的 FirstTwoLetters 的建構函式。使用的初始化列表將 word 的前兩個字元分配給 letterOne 和 LetterTwo 屬性。要獲得額外的信用，請新增一個 斷言 以捕獲少於兩個字元的單詞。

可以忽略以下程式碼一開始在 DartPad 中的錯誤。

{$ begin main.dart $}
class FirstTwoLetters {
  final String letterOne;
  final String letterTwo;

  // Create a constructor with an initializer list here:
  FirstTwoLetters(String word)
    ...
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
class FirstTwoLetters {
  final String letterOne;
  final String letterTwo;

  FirstTwoLetters(String word)
      : assert(word.length >= 2),
        letterOne = word[0],
        letterTwo = word[1];
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
void main() {
  final errs = <String>[];

  try {
    final result = FirstTwoLetters('My String');
    
    if (result.letterOne != 'M') {
      errs.add('Called FirstTwoLetters(\'My String\') and got an object with letterOne equal to \'${result.letterOne}\' instead of the expected value (\'M\').');
    }

    if (result.letterTwo != 'y') {
      errs.add('Called FirstTwoLetters(\'My String\') and got an object with letterTwo equal to \'${result.letterTwo}\' instead of the expected value (\'y\').');
    }
  } catch (e) {
    errs.add('Called FirstTwoLetters(\'My String\') and got an exception of type ${e.runtimeType}.');
  }

  bool caughtException = false;
  
  try {
    FirstTwoLetters('');
  } catch (e) {
    caughtException = true;
  }
  
  if (!caughtException) {
    errs.add('Called FirstTwoLetters(\'\') and didn\'t get an exception from the failed assertion.');
  }
  
  if (errs.isEmpty) {
    _result(true);
  } else {
    _result(false, errs);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
Two assignments need to happen:
letterOne should be word[0], and letterTwo should be word[1].
{$ end hint.txt $}

命名構造方法

為了允許一個類別具有多個構造方法， Dart 支援命名構造方法：

class Point {
  double x, y;

  Point(this.x, this.y);

  Point.origin()
      : x = 0,
        y = 0;
}

為了使用命名構造方法，請使用全名呼叫它：

final myPoint = Point.origin();

Code example

程式碼範例

給 Color 類新增一個叫做 Color.black 的方法，它將會把三個屬性的值都設為 0。

可以忽略以下程式碼一開始在 DartPad 中的錯誤。

{$ begin main.dart $}
class Color {
  int red;
  int green;
  int blue;
  
  Color(this.red, this.green, this.blue);

  // Create a named constructor called "Color.black" here:
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
class Color {
  int red;
  int green;
  int blue;
  
  Color(this.red, this.green, this.blue);

  Color.black()
      : red = 0,
        green = 0,
        blue = 0;
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
void main() {
  final errs = <String>[];

  try {
    final result = Color.black();
    
    if (result.red != 0) {
      errs.add('Called Color.black() and got a Color with red equal to ${result.red} instead of the expected value (0).');
    }

    if (result.green != 0) {
      errs.add('Called Color.black() and got a Color with green equal to ${result.green} instead of the expected value (0).');
    }

    if (result.blue != 0) {
  errs.add('Called Color.black() and got a Color with blue equal to ${result.blue} instead of the expected value (0).');
    }
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Called Color.black() and got an exception of type ${e.runtimeType}.']);
    return;
  }

  if (errs.isEmpty) {
    _result(true);
  } else {
    _result(false, errs);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
The declaration for your constructor should be `Color.black() {}`.
Inside the braces, set red, green, and blue to zero.
{$ end hint.txt $}

工廠構造方法

Dart 支援工廠構造方法。它能夠返回其子類別甚至 null 物件。要建立一個工廠構造方法，請使用 factory 關鍵字。

class Square extends Shape {}

class Circle extends Shape {}

class Shape {
  Shape();

  factory Shape.fromTypeName(String typeName) {
    if (typeName == 'square') return Square();
    if (typeName == 'circle') return Circle();

    throw ArgumentError('Unrecognized $typeName');
  }
}

Code example

程式碼範例

填寫名為 IntegerHolder.fromList 的工廠構造方法，使其執行以下操作：

  • 若列表只有一個值，那麼就用它來建立一個 IntegerSingle。

  • 如果這個列表有兩個值，那麼按其順序建立一個 IntegerDouble。

  • 如果這個列表有三個值，那麼按其順序建立一個 IntegerTriple。

  • 否則，丟擲一個 Error。

{$ begin main.dart $}
class IntegerHolder {
  IntegerHolder();
  
  // Implement this factory constructor.
  factory IntegerHolder.fromList(List<int> list) {
    TODO();
  }
}

class IntegerSingle extends IntegerHolder {
  final int a;
  IntegerSingle(this.a); 
}

class IntegerDouble extends IntegerHolder {
  final int a;
  final int b;
  IntegerDouble(this.a, this.b); 
}

class IntegerTriple extends IntegerHolder {
  final int a;
  final int b;
  final int c;
  IntegerTriple(this.a, this.b, this.c); 
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
class IntegerHolder {
  IntegerHolder();
  
  factory IntegerHolder.fromList(List<int> list) {
    if (list.length == 1) {
      return IntegerSingle(list[0]);
    } else if (list.length == 2) {
      return IntegerDouble(list[0], list[1]);
    } else if (list.length == 3) {
      return IntegerTriple(list[0], list[1], list[2]);
    } else {
      throw Error();
    } 
  }
}

class IntegerSingle extends IntegerHolder {
  final int a;
  IntegerSingle(this.a); 
}

class IntegerDouble extends IntegerHolder {
  final int a;
  final int b;
  IntegerDouble(this.a, this.b); 
}

class IntegerTriple extends IntegerHolder {
  final int a;
  final int b;
  final int c;
  IntegerTriple(this.a, this.b, this.c); 
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
void main() {
  final errs = <String>[];

  bool _throwed = false;
  try {
    IntegerHolder.fromList([]);
  } on UnimplementedError {
    _result(false, ['Test failed. Did you implement the method?']);
    return;
  } on Error {
    _throwed = true;
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Called IntegerSingle.fromList([]) and got an exception of type ${e.runtimeType}.']);
    return;
  }
  
  if (!_throwed) {
    errs.add('Called IntegerSingle.fromList([]) and didn\'t throw Error.');
  } 

  try {
    final obj = IntegerHolder.fromList([1]);
    
    if (obj is! IntegerSingle) {
      errs.add('Called IntegerHolder.fromList([1]) and got an object of type ${obj.runtimeType} instead of IntegerSingle.');
    } else {
      if (obj.a != 1) {
        errs.add('Called IntegerHolder.fromList([1]) and got an IntegerSingle with an \'a\' value of ${obj.a} instead of the expected (1).');
      }
    }
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Called IntegerHolder.fromList([]) and got an exception of type ${e.runtimeType}.']);
    return;
  }

  try {
    final obj = IntegerHolder.fromList([1, 2]);
    
    if (obj is! IntegerDouble) {
      errs.add('Called IntegerHolder.fromList([1, 2]) and got an object of type ${obj.runtimeType} instead of IntegerDouble.');
    } else {
      if (obj.a != 1) {
        errs.add('Called IntegerHolder.fromList([1, 2]) and got an IntegerDouble with an \'a\' value of ${obj.a} instead of the expected (1).');
      }
      
      if (obj.b != 2) {
        errs.add('Called IntegerHolder.fromList([1, 2]) and got an IntegerDouble with an \'b\' value of ${obj.b} instead of the expected (2).');
      }
    }
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Called IntegerHolder.fromList([1, 2]) and got an exception of type ${e.runtimeType}.']);
    return;
  }

  try {
    final obj = IntegerHolder.fromList([1, 2, 3]);
    
    if (obj is! IntegerTriple) {
      errs.add('Called IntegerHolder.fromList([1, 2, 3]) and got an object of type ${obj.runtimeType} instead of IntegerTriple.');
    } else {
      if (obj.a != 1) {
        errs.add('Called IntegerHolder.fromList([1, 2, 3]) and got an IntegerTriple with an \'a\' value of ${obj.a} instead of the expected (1).');
      }
      
      if (obj.b != 2) {
        errs.add('Called IntegerHolder.fromList([1, 2, 3]) and got an IntegerTriple with an \'a\' value of ${obj.b} instead of the expected (2).');
      }

      if (obj.c != 3) {
        errs.add('Called IntegerHolder.fromList([1, 2, 3]) and got an IntegerTriple with an \'a\' value of ${obj.b} instead of the expected (2).');
      }
    }
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Called IntegerHolder.fromList([1, 2, 3]) and got an exception of type ${e.runtimeType}.']);
    return;
  }

  if (errs.isEmpty) {
    _result(true);
  } else {
    _result(false, errs);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
Inside the factory constructor,
check the length of the list and create an
IntegerSingle, IntegerDouble, or IntegerTriple as appropriate.
{$ end hint.txt $}

重新導向構造方法

有時一個構造方法僅僅用來重新導向到該類別的另一個構造方法。重新導向方法沒有主體，它在冒號（:）之後呼叫另一個構造方法。

class Automobile {
  String make;
  String model;
  int mpg;

  // The main constructor for this class.
  Automobile(this.make, this.model, this.mpg);

  // Delegates to the main constructor.
  Automobile.hybrid(String make, String model) : this(make, model, 60);

  // Delegates to a named constructor
  Automobile.fancyHybrid() : this.hybrid('Futurecar', 'Mark 2');
}

Code example

程式碼範例

還記得我們之前提到的 Color 類嗎？建立一個叫做 black 的命名構造方法，但這次我們不要手動分配屬性，而是將 0 作為引數，重新導向到預設的構造方法。

可以忽略以下程式碼一開始在 DartPad 中的錯誤。

{$ begin main.dart $}
class Color {
  int red;
  int green;
  int blue;
  
  Color(this.red, this.green, this.blue);

  // Create a named constructor called "black" here and redirect it
  // to call the existing constructor
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
class Color {
  int red;
  int green;
  int blue;
  
  Color(this.red, this.green, this.blue);

  Color.black() : this(0, 0, 0);
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
void main() {
  final errs = <String>[];

  try {
    final result = Color.black();
    
    if (result.red != 0) {
      errs.add('Called Color.black() and got a Color with red equal to ${result.red} instead of the expected value (0).');
    }

    if (result.green != 0) {
      errs.add('Called Color.black() and got a Color with green equal to ${result.green} instead of the expected value (0).');
    }

    if (result.blue != 0) {
  errs.add('Called Color.black() and got a Color with blue equal to ${result.blue} instead of the expected value (0).');
    }
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Called Color.black() and got an exception of type ${e.runtimeType}.']);
    return;
  }

  if (errs.isEmpty) {
    _result(true);
  } else {
    _result(false, errs);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
Your constructor should redirect to `this(0, 0, 0)`.
{$ end hint.txt $}

Const 構造方法

如果你的類產生的物件永遠都不會更改，則可以讓這些物件成為編譯時常量。為此，請定義 const 構造方法並確保所有例項變數都是 final 的。

class ImmutablePoint {
  static const ImmutablePoint origin = ImmutablePoint(0, 0);

  final int x;
  final int y;

  const ImmutablePoint(this.x, this.y);
}

Code example

程式碼範例

修改 Recipe 類，使其例項成為常量，並建立一個執行以下操作的常量構造方法：

  • 該方法有三個引數：ingredients、calories 和 milligramsOfSodium。（按照此順序）

  • 使用 this 語法自動將引數值分配給同名的物件屬性。

  • 在 Recipe 的構造方法宣告之前，用 const 關鍵字使其成為常量。

可以忽略以下程式碼一開始在 DartPad 中的錯誤。

{$ begin main.dart $}
class Recipe {
  List<String> ingredients;
  int calories;
  double milligramsOfSodium;
}
{$ end main.dart $}
{$ begin solution.dart $}
class Recipe {
  final List<String> ingredients;
  final int calories;
  final double milligramsOfSodium;

  const Recipe(this.ingredients, this.calories, this.milligramsOfSodium);
}
{$ end solution.dart $}
{$ begin test.dart $}
void main() {
  final errs = <String>[];

  try {
    const obj = Recipe(['1 egg', 'Pat of butter', 'Pinch salt'], 120, 200);
    
    if (obj.ingredients.length != 3) {
      errs.add('Called Recipe([\'1 egg\', \'Pat of butter\', \'Pinch salt\'], 120, 200) and got an object with ingredient list of length ${obj.ingredients.length} rather than the expected length (3).');
    }
    
    if (obj.calories != 120) {
      errs.add('Called Recipe([\'1 egg\', \'Pat of butter\', \'Pinch salt\'], 120, 200) and got an object with a calorie value of ${obj.calories} rather than the expected value (120).');
    }
    
    if (obj.milligramsOfSodium != 200) {
      errs.add('Called Recipe([\'1 egg\', \'Pat of butter\', \'Pinch salt\'], 120, 200) and got an object with a milligramsOfSodium value of ${obj.milligramsOfSodium} rather than the expected value (200).');
    }
  } catch (e) {
    _result(false, ['Tried calling Recipe([\'1 egg\', \'Pat of butter\', \'Pinch salt\'], 120, 200) and received a null.']);
  }
  
  if (errs.isEmpty) {
    _result(true);
  } else {
    _result(false, errs);
  }
}
{$ end test.dart $}
{$ begin hint.txt $}
To make the constructor const, you'll need to make all the properties final.
{$ end hint.txt $}

下一步是什麼？

我們希望你能夠喜歡這個 codelab 來學習或測試你對 Dart 語言中一些最有趣的功能的知識。下面是一些有關現在該做什麼的建議：